The Function of the Diencephalon Section of the Brain

The diencephalon and the telencephalon (or cerebrum) comprise the two major divisions of your prosencephalon. If you were to look at a brain, you would not be able to see the diencephalon in the forebrain because it is mostly hidden from view. It is a small portion nestled  under and between the two  cerebral hemispheres, located just above the  brain stem. Despite being small and inconspicuous, the diencephalon plays a number of critical roles in healthy brain and bodily function within the central nervous system. Diencephalon Function The diencephalon relays sensory information between  brain  regions and controls many autonomic functions of the  peripheral nervous system. This section of the forebrain also connects structures of the  endocrine system  with the nervous system and works with the  limbic system to generate and manage emotions and memories.   Several structures of the diencephalon work together with other body parts  to affect the following bodily functions: Sense impulses throughout the bodyAutonomic functionEndocrine functionMotor functionHomeostasisHearing, vision, smell, and tasteTouch perception Structures of the Diencephalon The main structures of the diencephalon include the hypothalamus, thalamus, epithalamus, and subthalamus. Also located within the diencephalon is the third ventricle, one of the four brain ventricles or cavities filled with cerebrospinal fluid. Each part of the diencephalon has its own role to play. Thalamus The thalamus assists in sensory perception, motor function regulation, and sleep cycle control. The thalamus acts as a relay station for almost all sensory information (with the exception of smell). Before sensory information reaches your brains cortex, it stops at the thalamus. The thalamus processes information and passes it along. Input information then travels to the correct area of specialty and is passed to the cortex for further processing. The thalamus also plays a big role in sleep and consciousness.   Hypothalamus The hypothalamus is small, about the size of an almond, and serves as the control center for many autonomic functions through the release of  hormones. This part of the brain is also responsible for maintaining homeostasis, which is the balance of your bodys systems including body temperature and blood pressure. The hypothalamus receives a steady stream of information about bodily functions. When the hypothalamus detects an unanticipated imbalance, it employs a mechanism to counteract the disparity. As the main area that regulates hormone secretion (including hormone release from the pituitary gland), the hypothalamus has widespread effects on the body and behavior.   Epithalamus Located in the bottom area of the diencephalon,  the epithalamus aids with sense of smell and also helps to regulate sleep and wake cycles. The pineal gland found here is an endocrine gland that secretes the hormone melatonin, which is thought to play an important role in the regulation of circadian rhythms responsible for regular sleep and wake cycles. Subthalamus The subthalamus is largely responsible for movement. A portion of the subthalamus is made of tissues from the midbrain. This area is densely interconnected with basal ganglia structures that are part of the cerebrum, which assists in motor control.

The Stranger By Albert Camus - 1358 Words

In Albert Camus’ The Stranger, main characters Raymond Sinters and Meursault possess vastly different personalities and mindsets: one is indifferent to just about everyone and everything while the other is full of intense emotions. Despite being totally opposite mentally and emotionally, both Raymond and Meursault are guilty of committing heinous crimes. In this essay, I will argue that Meursault’s inability to feel significant emotion unless a situation directly and significantly affects him coupled with his lack of concern over the consequences of his actions make him more likely to harm others than Raymond, who actually experiences emotion in response to circumstance that do not necessarily affect him along with concern over his†¦show more content†¦Thus, how can he experience regret in response to harming others? The inability to feel regret over how he treats others means there is nothing stopping Meursault from going around harming others time and time ag ain. Therefore, Meursault’s inability to feel emotion in response to external situations makes him a highly dangerous individual. Meursault’s lack of emotion in response to the condition of others prevents him from feeling any concern over anything, particularly over how his actions and the actions of others might affect others, make him a dangerous individual. Early on, Raymond asks Meursault if he could do him a favor as a part of his plan to â€Å"punish† his girlfriend, and Meursault readily agrees without even considering how his actions might affect those involved in the plan (32). Meursault does not care how his actions might affect others since he will not be affected. Meursault’s lack of concern over the consequences of his actions make him a dangerous individual as he does not if his actions are harmful to others or not. Furthermore, this instance shows how easily others, such as Raymond, can control Meursault into doing what they want. Meursaul t will practically do anything anyone asks him to because does not care about the possible consequences of doing so. Therefore, Meursault’s blatant lack of concern over how his actions might affect others as a result of not feeling emotion for others along with the ability of others to easilyShow MoreRelatedThe Stranger By Albert Camus1391 Words   |  6 PagesThe Stranger â€Å"The Stranger,† written by the Algerian writer Albert Camus, is a novel about Meursault, a character who’s different and even threatening views on life take him to pay the highest price a person can pay: his life. This was Camus’ first novel written in the early 1940’s, in France, and it reflects the authors belief that there is no meaning in life and it is absurd for humans to try to find it places like religion. The main themes of the novel are irrationality of the universe and theRead MoreThe Stranger By Albert Camus1495 Words   |  6 Pages Albert Camus said, â€Å"Basically, at the very bottom of life, which seduces us all, there is only absurdity, and more absurdity. And maybe that s what gives us our joy for living, because the only thing that can defeat absurdity is lucidity.† In other terms, Camus is indicating that absurdity affects us all even if it’s hidden all the way on the bottom, but it’s the joy that comes from absurdity that makes us take risks and live freely without any thought or focus. Camus also specifies that the onlyRead MoreThe Stranger By Albert Camus1411 Words   |  6 PagesThe novel The Stranger, written by Albert Camus, encompasses contemporary philosophies of existentialism and absurdism. Existentialist and absurdist philosophies entail principles regarding that one’s identity is not based on nature or culture, but rather by sole existence. The role of minor characters in The Stranger helps to present Camus’s purpose to convey absurdist and existentialist principles. The characters of Salamano and Marie are utilized in order to contrast the author’s ideas about contemporaryRead MoreThe Stranger by Albert Camus720 Words   |  3 PagesAlbert Camus’ portrayal of the emotional being of the main character in The Stranger is an indirect display of his own personal distress. The use of symbolism and irony presented throughout this novel is comparable with the quest for such that death itself would be nonetheless happy. Camus’ irrational concept is based off the exclusion of any logical reasoning behind the events in the text. Meursault’s first impression given to the reader is that of ignorance and a nonchalant behavior to indifferenceRead MoreThe Stranger By Albert Camus1345 Words   |  6 PagesAbsurdism is a philosophy based on the belief that the universe is irrational and meaningless and that the search for order brings the individual into conflict with the universe. Albert Camus’s novel The Stranger is often termed an absurdist novel because it contains the elements of Camus’s philosophical notion of absurdity. Mersault, the protagonist, is an absurd hero that is emotionally detached and indifferent form society. Neither the external world in which Meursault lives nor the internal worldRead MoreThe Stranger By Albert Camus Essay1591 Words   |  7 PagesThe Stranger was written by the French author Albert Camus, and was first published in 1942 in its indigenous French. It’s described as being the most widely-read French novel of the twentieth century, and has sold milli ons of copies in Britain and the United States alone. It’s known by two titles; the other being The Outsider. The backstory to this is very interesting but, more importantly, the subtle difference in meaning between titles suggests certain resultant translative idiosyncrasies whenRead MoreThe Stranger By Albert Camus1628 Words   |  7 PagesAlbert Camus’s novel â€Å"The Stranger† revolves around a young man estranged from society. This man, Monsieur Meursault, lives the majority of his life fulfilling his own physical needs and social obligations, but has little emotional connection to the world around him. Throughout the book Meursault attends his mother’s funeral, begins a serious relationship with his former co-worker Marie, kills a man without motive, goes through trial, and is sentenced for execution. His lack of emotional responseRead MoreThe Stranger by Albert Camus1115 Words   |  4 PagesIn the novel, The Stranger, by Albert Camus, the point lessness of life and existence is exposed through the illustration of Camus’s absurdist world view. The novel tells the story of an emotionally detached, amoral young man named Meursault. Meursault shows us how important it is to start thinking and analyzing the events that happen in our lives. He does this by developing the theme of conflicts within society. Albert Camus’s novel The Stranger portrays Meursault, the main character, as a staticRead MoreThe Stranger By Albert Camus1365 Words   |  6 PagesThroughout The Stranger, Albert Camus uses routinesituations to demonstrate how the protagonist, Meursault is not just another ordinary individual. Camus depicts Meursault as an independent being, disinterested in his surroundings, contrasting him with the majority of his peers. Meursault traverses the entire novel, exhibiting little to no emotion. Instead, he displayscharacteristics synonymous to someone suffering from psychopathy. Regardless of the situation, Meursa ult refrainsfrom assigning meaningRead MoreThe Stranger By Albert Camus Essay1844 Words   |  8 Pagesof the novel, The Stranger, written by Albert Camus, multiple debatable topics have risen. Does Meursault have a heart? Is he an existentialist? Why does he seem to not be phased by his mother dying? This novel is definitely on the more controversial side, which is somewhat strange because although it seems like a novel about almost nothing, everything seems to have a much deeper meaning than it puts off. However, one topic that seems to be overlooked is the fact that The Stranger relates highly to

Rammed Earth Free Essays

string(93) " reduction of CO2 during the structures lifetime, high thermal mass and low operating costs\." RAMMED EARTH Fionnadh McGonigle 0818555 Contents †¢ History (page 2) †¢ The Use of Rammed Earth within the UK (pages 3 4) †¢ Rammed Earth as a Sustainable material, Thermal and Insulation properties (pages 5 6 ) †¢ Weather Protection (page 7) †¢ Construction week o Aims (page 8) o Risk Assessment (page 9,10 11) o Prototype I (pages 12,13 14) o Prototype II (page 15) o Earth preparation (pages 15 16) o Prototype III (pages 17, 18) o Final Wall (pages 19, 20 21) o Revised Risk assessment (page 22) Conclusion (pages 23, 24 25) †¢ Bibliography (page 26) Rammed Earth Historical Use The use of earth itself in construction dates back thousands of years, the first recorded city – Jericho was built of earth. The first recorded use of rammed earth was by the Babylonians in 5000BC. Parts of the western portion of the Great Wall of China 300BC are built of rammed earth. We will write a custom essay sample on Rammed Earth or any similar topic only for you Order Now Almost every European country has a history of rammed earth construction but is usually a material associated with arid areas. 780-1850 Rammed earth experienced popularity in the USA until mass production of fire bricks and sawed lumber became readily available. These materials were now favoured for being more elegant and modern than using rammed earth – or â€Å"dirt†. However during World War I and the Great depression, supply shortages prompted a return to Rammed Earth. Rammed Earth remained fairly unpopular then until the 1970’s when it began to be rejuvenated by the environmentally conscious. Despite Rammed Earths extensive use throughout history, its use is still not so popular within the UK. Reason for this is largely due to architects/ Builders not knowing enough about the material and sticking to the familiar concrete, timber and brick ways that they know, rammed earth can often also be perceived as having cruder finishing and not in keeping with the clean-sharp lined finished which are so often preferred in today’s architecture- Though with the appropriate shuttering clean finishes can be achieved. Building with rammed earth is considered to carry greater risk and uncertainty, the material is yes, more suited to arid climates, but even in arid climates modern method of construction using rammed earth are being continually tried and tested e. g. in Australia. Rammed earth is a perfectly viable and good material to be used within the UK – there is a need to get past the reluctance to use and experiment with it more here – the climate presents a challenge which can be won in innovative ways. [pic] The Use of Rammed Earth within the UK Things which prohibit the wider use of Rammed earth within the UK †¢ The longer than average period needed for construction. †¢ The formwork and Labour costs. †¢ The climates high humidity climate – Moderate external temperatures. †¢ Concerns which are had about the careful detailing which can be required. †¢ Poor thermal resistance – The need for external walls to require additional insulation. †¢ Not all soil types are appropriate importation of soil for a rammed earth construction will significantly detract from its environmental credentials. The Quality control required for rammed earth constructions is quite high. †¢ Moisture movement can be caused by high clay content. †¢ The UK has few modern examples of rammed earth buildings – relatively untested in this climate – comparative to other countries. †¢ There are currently no UK codes of practice on rammed earth construction. †¢ Adding cement stabilisat ion can compromise its attributes as a sustainable material. †¢ It can be difficult to find insurance for rammed earth construction. It needs to be kept dry during construction which can result in the need for temporary roof structures. After construction this presents the needs for overhangs or on exposed sights structures to protect from prevailing elements- can compromise aesthetics. †¢ People hungry construction. †¢ Some more high profile examples of rammed earth building in the UK have experienced problems e. g. the Eden project- over hangs were not big enough and the splash back of rainwater has eroded some of the facade. Reasons why rammed earth would be chosen over other materials It distinct appearance. †¢ Natural and readily available. †¢ It has a low embodied energy. †¢ Rammed earth is hygroscopic – due to high moisture mass – it will regulate humidity. †¢ Post demolition – unstabilised earth is reusable. †¢ Sup ports sustainable practices by using local soils. †¢ High Thermal mass – though the extent of which has yet to be quantified. †¢ Airtight construction is achievable. †¢ It can be considered a traditional form of construction. †¢ Modern methods have and continue to be widely tried and tested overseas. An integrity of building is expressed which is often lacking nowadays. †¢ Expression of cultural conditions. †¢ Acoustic properties- its dry density (pd) is typically 2,100 kg/m3 therefore the weighted sound reduction index (Rw) would be 58. 3dB [1] and thus more than satisfies Building regulations (2000), Doc E Resistance to the Passage of Sound. Other considerations when Using rammed earth Rammed earth is hygroscopic, therefore external cladding systems must be vapour permeable to allow for evaporation. Important for unstabilised walls and less so for stabilised walls where stabilising agents will impair breathing, still it is better to consider vapour permeable solutions for both instances to reduce chances of condensation build up on the inside face of insulation. Water resistance the need to keep the structure dry post construction is done in various ways, large overhangs, plinths upon which the wall is constructed, rendering or cladding to the facade- these options will affect the structures sustainability, look and thermal mass. A comparison between the calculated U-values for both ‘conventional’ masonry and Stabilised rammed Earth wall designs [pic][2] Rammed earth as a sustainable material CO2 Emissions are greatly reduced with the use of rammed earth, as opposed to cement which due to the need for burning limestone produces CO2 contributing about 10% of the global CO2 emissions. Rammed earth taking soil from the site not using a stabiliser is the most sustainable method; however the addition of a cement stabiliser is common practice and considered to reduce considerably the risk and uncertainty, cement is used making up 6-7% of the mix. The embodied energy is low- its inherent recyclability and reduction of CO2 during the structures lifetime, high thermal mass and low operating costs. You read "Rammed Earth" in category "Papers" If the clay can be sourced from site, and is suitable then it eliminates all transportations cost. If the clay is not so suitable, then a stabiliser of cement can be added. If the soil on site is not at all suited for a rammed earth construction then clay can be transported to site- however both of these options will compromise the environmental integrity of the building, the latter of which doing so quite considerably. Also due to the need for rammed earth to be kept dry at all times during construction there can be a need for temporary roof structures to keep the rain away, this will therefore impact its sustainability. Depending also on what type of shuttering is used can lead to waste, for e. g. timber shutter although can be reused, its reuse is limited as it will become saturated from the moisture in the clay. Thermal Performances, Rammed earth has a high thermal mass – walls will naturally regulate both the internal temperature spaces, and can also regulate the temperatures of external spaces such as courtyards. Energy required to heat and cool a building can be greatly reduced if rammed earth is designed into the heating system, however the UK requires the addition of either internal or external insulation, this aside from affecting the aesthetic of either facade it is fixed to, will compromise the thermal mass of the adjacent space. Structural Performance, whilst the structural strength and stiffness is compromised with increased waster content, if designed correctly and waterproofing measure taken then rammed earth is perfectly capable of acting as a load bearing structure. Rammed earth which is imported in not only contribute to the cost and environmental issue of transportation, it also leaves a scar on the landscape as it is being taken from elsewhere, e. g. a quarry, even if this is later turned into some sort of nature reserve it is still leaving a permanent change to this landscape. Insulation – in the UK there are few examples of rammed earth combining insulation, most contemporary walls are unclad, but there is an increased need for insulation to be used in conjunction with the thermal mass of the walls. |Advantages |disadvantages | |External Insulation |Walls protected from weathering |Loss of characteristic appearance | | |Exposed thermal mass internally |Loss of thermal mass externally- which is | | | |sometimes used to regulate temperatures of | | | |spaces such as courtyards | | | | | |Internal Insulation |External appearance is maintained |Loss of available thermal mass. | | | |Internal appearance compromised | [pic][3][pic][4] Wea ther protection †¢ Weather needs to be drained away from walls †¢ Construction upon raised footings †¢ Avoidance of sites vulnerable to flooding †¢ Protecting wall from rain using adjoining elements e. g. roof overhangs †¢ Allow evaporation of moisture from walls †¢ Onsite which are considerably exposed there is a need to consider rain screen cladding or render. Construction Week Aims The aim of the work we did within the workshop was to question the building processes as a whole, by means of both small and large scale prototypes, to push the presumed limitations of a material and its formwork, to not just accept, that rules have been predetermined, but to push for innovation. As we studied, the idea of the â€Å"builders yard† allows for just this, meaning a material can be taken and experimented with, in a specific location which possesses the same limiting factors as the actual site e. g. Climate and resources, and test particular means of creating the desired construction before doing so, it is a hub for construction in the area- encouraging risk by means of experimentation rather than out casting it. The advantages of such an idea are that when a material can be experimented with it allows for greater understanding and judgment of its limitation- rather than acceptance of existing limitations, and therefore systems of constructing and spatial relationships can be explored. The community have a personal knowledge of the neighbourhood its character and needs, they are given the power to modify and contribute to it, their personal attachment means, as workmen they have a continued responsibility to the changes which occur with building in the area as well as maintenance of them. The people who work together within the builder’s yard understand and achieve better quality meaningful results; the workmen are uniquely and specifically educated, and the buildings produced are, unlike much of the current construction possess a humane quality, a warm character. The focus on the act of making allows for and evolution and a subsequent greater understanding of everything involved in the construction and about the materials. By making the rammed earth wall within the studio we were pushing the boundaries of predetermined limitations, re-examine the architectural production of rammed earth, and coming up with our own unique response. We explored the possible use of fabric formwork by means of making and testing prototypes on a small scale and then on progressively larger scales we see how it uniquely responds to specific methods thus learning learn how the material and structure can better work together, creating a successful wall with fluid innovative shapes, with lower embodied energy. Whilst making our wall every element was specifically made and tested and altered, until the best result were achieved, for example we experimented a lot with the sizes of our buttons, trying to get them to sufficiently restrain the wall –without damaging it when removing them, we were fortunate to stumble upon a size which not only did the job we required but more. This scenario is similar to what happens in the builder’s yard; it is this experimentation –and risk taking which leads to the discovery and sometimes unexpected discovery of innovative solution and inventions. There can be other factors, such as keeping cost down driving the invention of new materials and components. [pic] [pic] [pic] Prototype I As a group did we met with Roland for a quick briefing on what direction we should take for our rammed earth wall, he suggested that we should first sit down together and come up with some ideas and sketches to make some prototypes, and that we should also sort out the earth so that it would be ready for when we begin construction. We discussed some ideas about what sort of shaped wall we would like to achieve, including some over ambitious ideas of constructing the walls then flipping it! We agreed we wanted to design a wall to incorporate a curve, a variation in thickness of the wall from bottom to top. We divided into three groups and set about coming up with a design each and building a prototype to text these ideas. Once the earth and fabric had been sorted we each returned to our prototypes, and began to each work out and start making our frame work. Our group decided to make a framework by cutting a . Semi Lunar shape to incorporate some variation in thickness throughout the wall the . Assembling a frame to which we could pin the fabric to at intervals after each period of . Ramming. The Idea was that one side of the wall would be taut and quite flat and the . other we would periodically place round ties to restrain the wall and create an undulating shape to it. [pic][pic][pic] Basic framework Difficulties with attaching fabric and supporting threads Excessive budging over buttons. Issues highlighted by Prototype 1: †¢ First of all we needed to add further supports as the structure was not as stable as hoped. Tight spaces need to re-think to consider a pneumatic rammer fitting inside the formwork/ framework. †¢ The way the formwork was constructed some of the supports hindered the pinning of the fabric to wood. †¢ The button and tie system we used was not as successful as we hoped- we believed this to be down to the size of the wooden buttons being too small in diam eter , which resulted in them become stuck under the overhanging rammed earth and were difficult to remove without causing damage to the wall. They did not restrain the width of the wall much either, this was also partly due to us leaving the thread too long. Also initially we put on the ties without the wooden disc which resulted in a serious overhang. When we were ramming the earth we did so by hand, using some pieces of wood with flat ends, the highlighted another problem-as due to the way the framework was constructed we had a piece of wood running across the top we made manoeuvring a piece of wood let alone a pneumatic rammer difficult. †¢ Despite having made a definite shape in the base board, to influence the shape of the wall- it in reality had no effect as the fabric took its own shape. †¢ The need to be taught correctly how to mix the earth and test it. †¢ The need to not put too much earth in at each layer as the lower down parts were not getting properly c ompressed [pic] [pic] Prototype II This prototype consisted of 3 wooden sides and a wooden base cut with a curve the fabric was then pinned to the front and around the curve – the idea being that pinning the fabric to the curved base would create a curved facade. However this prototype was pretty unsuccessful – it suffered structural issues and was not strong enough to withstand the pressure of the rammed earth inside, as it was simply nailed together. The fabric also failed to restrain the form of the wall and budged with little shape. Another issue was that as this prototype required a wooden base beneath it, -not so practical! – In reality this would be likely to make the wall less structurally sound- and would be pretty impossible to remove as a rammed earth wall is extremely heavy. In conclusion this wall was a failure. [pic] SOIL TESTING [pic] Compressing the soil then dropping from arms length away. EARTH PREPARATION Whilst making the first prototype our earth was not of the correct consistency – which resulted in our wall crumbling a bit. We had used the earth which we had moved indoor on day one – we added some water to the clay- thinking this would help the earth-stick and compact better. It wasn’t until Rowland came on the 3rd day and was able to tell us immediately, the mistakes we had made, and then showed us the correct for mixing, preparing and testing the earth. We broke down our prototypes returning the earth to the pile and also broke down the previous year’s pillars so the soil could be recycled. [pic] [pic] At first we used the pneumatic rammer to break down these pillars- this was also our first encounter with using the pneumatic rammer, so we learned some general things about using it – safety precautions with turning it on and off, how it must be held, and despite having identified issues of safety in our risk assessment – not many precautions were taken – wearing of safety clothing/boots/goggles. We then began to break it up further using shovels and spades- a lot of dust had been created by this process so we got buckets of water and using bottles threw water over the earth and clay. Once it had all been broken down we began to mix it altogether whilst adding water at the same time. The earth needed to be constantly moved and shovelled – thoroughly so that it’s would be of the same consistency throughout. When the appearance of the mix changed and seemed to be getting close to what we wanted – it looked darker and less dry and dusty, we beg an to testing it. To test the soil we picked up a handful – squeezed it tightly between both hands, then holding it at arm’s length away from the body- arm held straight – dropped the earth from this height and if it broke into 3 main pieces then we would know that it was ready to ram. It took several testing remixing / adding extra moisture attempts before we did get the earth just right. We also needed to continue testing the earth as over the days it could dry out – so we regularly mixed the soil and tested it adding water when necessary. PROTOYPE III On the third day, when Rowland came and saw each of our sub groups prototypes. He was able to give us feedback, and give us some explanation to why some things had occurred which we hadn’t expect. In our prototype the spacing of the buttons presenting some issues, as did the several elements of the framework. As a group with the help of Rowland we began work on another prototype, again involving a curve, this time a more defined one with the hope it would have an impact on the shape of the wall. This time however we were to make are formwork as minimal as possible. At first we used just two pieces of wood placed either side of the fabric, and at the other end we used thread to sew it up. Sewing a few inches at a time, to make manoeuvring the pneumatic rammer easier. It was then decided we would place a piece of timber at one end-to achieve a flat surface. We spaced the buttons further apart from each other and more evenly spaced. We made planned the wall so it would be 1. 5m long but due to the excess budging which occurred it was approx 1. 2m in length and 1. m high, we positioned 3 rows of 2 button / thread equally spaced. Also when with the previous prototype when we placed the threads simply did so and then proceeded to ram the earth, however this presented a problem when it came to t rying to remove then- it was really not possible to remove then without serious damage to the wall occurring. So to avoid this problem, we used some plastic tubing, through which the threads would sit, this would allow use to remove the threads and re use them again within the same wall. When using these we had to be careful whilst ramming and not hit or cause excess pressure on the threads as they could break or bend. [pic][pic][pic][pic] Tubing covering Threads Button buckling under pressure sewing of one side wooden panel at other side When ramming the wall we added a few inches of earth at a time, making sure that it was even first then rammed it until it compressed down and then added the next layer- it is quite a long process. It was necessary to ram the edges first keeping the rammer moving at all times moving from the edges inwards, ramming around the thread/tubes until it was at a point where enough earth was above the thread it was safe to ram on top. This prototype was largely successful the few things were again highlighted which we would resolve within the final piece. Again something highlighted by the buttons; was that because of the way we made them- 75mm diameter, bigger than in the first prototype, but they were made using thinner wood than before and due to the pressure of the rammed earth above the buttons- they had actually buckled and bent. This however was a positive thing as they both allowed them to be removed easily-and without damaging the wall, and also created a nice effect on the wall aesthetically. [pic] [pic]Final Wall We had been quite successful in our final prototype so our intention was pretty much scale this up for our final wall. We began by cutting a piece of timber to create a hole sized 1. m by 300mm, to which the fabric which we had cut 4m x 2. 2m was then pinned to the underside of the piece of wood- to keep it in place and restrained during ramming. We used on piece timber 2m x 300mm on one end which we nailed to the fabric and base board at One end, to achieve our flatter surface, and on the other end, we used the me thod of sewing to create a more curvaceous crafted appearance. The fabric was sewn at intervals, approx 30mm at a time. The Earth which we had prepared as outlined- in Earth preparation, had 2-3 people constantly working to keep its consistency and moisture content even, and at interval shovel it into the structure. Earth was filled and evened out at approx 15mm at a time and then rammed and compressed down. Two people were needed to ram at all times, with 2-3 supporting people, holding material, and also as we got higher and higher- needed to help hold and steel the pneumatic rammer as it became more and more difficult with height. The process of ramming would begin once the earth had been levelled, begging at edges and moving systematically towards the centre, taking care when approaching the plastic tubes containing the treads and attached to the buttons- directly ramming above them could cause them to bend and distort the shape and support they gave. At 350-400mm vertical spacing’s buttons and threads were attached, piercing the fabric with a knife to create a hole through which the threads within their plastic tubes were placed, to the end of these on the exteriors of the fabric were placed the buttons, which were had cut 75mm in diameter using a piece of thin piece of wood approx 7mm thick. These buttons, along with supporting washers and bolt could later be removed along with the actual thread, and reused. The buttons etc were placed at 300mm horizontal intervals. The Spacing was determined from out prototype as the best spacing to create enough support, least uncontrolled bulging, without over restraining the structure. This added the restraint of the wall, the crafting of curvaceous shapes and ease of removal of components. The making of the wall comprised of adding earth the earth then ramming and repeating this process until 350-400mm height was achieved, then addition of the threads and buttons and repeating again until we reached 2m height. All the while we also were constantly maintaining and controlling the earth consistency by turning, adding moisture and regularly testing as explained earlier. As we reached higher –more people were required to aid the steering and supporting of the pneumatic rammers, but as we had less soil we were able to sacrifice people from this. In reality on a larger scale project this may not be a solution that could work, however as our means of reaching higher and higher was a series of standing on chairs and then tables and even some risque chairs on table, this would definitely not happen on a real site as it would most certainly be violating all sorts of health and safety rules, adequate scaffolding would be used and people the people working on ramming and earth maintenance would remain constant. Once the wall had been rammed until the top and almost all of our soil supply had been used, we were able to take down the fabric formwork, which took comparatively little time to assembly and construction. We unscrewed the buttons removing them which care†¦ just in case†¦. hey had in the same way with the prototype buckled under the strain and had curved round so once removed left a beautiful perfectly ball like shape, and we quite easy to removing, causing no damage to the structure, after that we cut the fabric to remove it, it was very easy on the side with the wood, coming away leaving a very flat surface, on the other side, some more care was taken not to damage the imprint of the sewing, though more care was taken than was probably needed- the deceptively soft look of the wall made one think it might just crumble away, which was of course not the case, it was more delicate at edges such at the ends that were sewn, but very durable. The only part of the wall which really presented any issues when removing the fabric was the bottom, of course the fabric pinned beneath could not be removed, but as the wall had bulged over the wooden base trapping fabric below, we had to cut around the bulges leaving fragments of the fabric stuck beneath- it was just impossible to remove, but they were not noticeable after edges were trimmed, and neither affected the strength or overall appearance of the wall. The only implication if would have in real building sites would the amount of fabric salvaged from each construction would be less , and whilst it could be reused, the size of fabric over time would shrink and shrink. [pic] The changes to the design we did make from our previous prototype were: †¢ We discarded the idea of incorporating the curve as in every attempt so far had been unsuccessful, having no affected on the shape of the wall. So we simply cut a straight rectangular shape into our baseboard. †¢ Rather than having two pieces of wood either side of the fabric then bolted together and the piece of timber then placed inside the piece, we used the one piece of wood at one end and attached the fabric to that. As the wall was going to be longer we would be using 3 button / threads per row and having 4 rows We stuck with the method of sewing up the other side as it had been quite successful in the last wall, however in the final wall throughout the process of ramming it became apparent that it was leaning quite a bit particularly at the top of the wall- as can be seen in the final photograph. [pic]FINAL WALL [pic] Conclusion During the course of construction we learned a lot about building with rammed earth. Before this week I believed that building the wall would be a lot more complicated than it actually is, and I found it fascinating at how much could be achieved with some Fabric, thread, very little wood, some buttons and some earth! It was interesting the affect that the stitching, buttons and wood had on the wall- a very unique finish could be achieved and the structure was so strong and solid despite of it looking much like a giant cushion. The first thing we did in preparation for construction week was our risk assessment- however despite highlighting various precautionary measures we should take – in reality we took almost none. However I think that the risk assessment was still quite accurate in assessing the risk it was wrong not to observe the suggested measures. We did at times wear goggles when the dust simply made it impossible to see what we were doing when ramming, and we did take great care when using the ramming equipment as its use carried the most danger. But in the end I think fashion won out over the use of goggles, masks, boots and gloves. The Buttons which we used were probably the most successful thing that came out of our construction week. Although by complete accident. Because we had used a thinner piece of wood for our buttons in the final prototype when we rammed the wall – the buttons buckled under the pressure and at first we thought that this was another failure, but in the end it turned out this worked in our favour- they were easy to remove without damaging the wall, but also gave a very clean nice rounded indentation- success! [pic][pic] [pic] The Rammed Earth wall and construction methods we used differs from the conventional way in which a rammed earth wall is made by using fabric as formwork as opposed to wood or metal as is the norm. Within UEL the students and staff are pioneering the use of fabric formwork with rammed earth – which has otherwise been left unexplored as a method. In previous year in UEL students and staff have also experimented with fabric to make rammed earth columns. The use of fabric in other construction methods such as concrete has been successful, well received and used more and more in various new and innovative ways. The wall which we built was largely a success in all aspects of shape, height, strength and texture. Making it very possible that this project, could lead the way for further use of fabric formwork within the field of rammed earth constructions. It has been proven successful and there is no reason that this method could not be adopted as a viable means of construction in mainstream rammed earth constructions. The Reasons why constructing a rammed earth wall using fabric is better than current method are numerous: ? Sustainability ? The use of low embodied energy rammed in conjunction with fabric resulted in an ultra ecological combo. ? The fabric can be used and reused, as can the buttons and threads ? Beauty ? Sculpted texture created when using fabric can be quite desirable, and will be depending upon specific fabric choice ? The Positioning of the buttons will also impact upon the finished appearance. The effect achieved with our wall was that of a large cushion As there are fewer limitations on the size of fabric which can be used as there are when using wood – where marks from joints are unavoidable. ? Rapid construction and deconstruction of formwork. ? Fewer things are needed to construct a wall when using fabr ic, so in principle this method could be used in obscure locations where communications are poor, as transpiration would not pose as much of a problem as it would if using heavy –bulky formwork, provided of course the earth could be found on site. ? Expense –Fabric is less expensive than conventional formwork, fabric formwork is approx 1/25th [5] the cost of dimensional lumber ? Less Weight- weighting approx 1/300th[6] of rigid formwork. There are too, reasons why using fabric formworks may not be favoured. ? Manpower The way in which we constructed our wall required people to do various different things simultaneously, ramming, holding the fabric to keep it tense, shovelling the earth into the wall, turning the soil to maintain moisture consistency. In general at any one time we required 7-8 people so building on a larger scale could present issues of number of people required. Although alternative method of turning the soil or holding the fabric could be adapted. ? A ppearance ? The fabric restrained appearance may not be appropriate to the design and desired look. ? Height restrictions ? Whilst there are no specific height restrictions associated with fabric form work- it is an aspect of this construction method- yet to be explored fully- our wall was just less than 2m, what would happen when the height would be increased? Would there be significant implication affecting thickness of the wall? Budging is not as controlled with fabric as with wooden formwork. One of the great things I saw from our construction week was working together with a set of people for one week for a common goal- we achieved so much, learning from each other sharing ideas and testing them, One can really see how this is in some small way how the builders yard idea must function, and therefore I would believe it to be a really successful idea. If a small group of people in one week can create this unique rammed earth wall- then communities of people working together on projects of greater long-term significance to them i. e. heir homes their neighbourhood the places they will spend their lives, with such vested interested interests, and working on larger scales over longer periods should be creating all sorts of innovative building techniques, materials and components. Bibliography Buildings of Earth and Straw: structural design for Rammed Earth and Straw; Bruce King Introduction to health and safety in Construction; P. Hughes Martin Rauch: Rammed Earth; Kapfinger, Otto Rammed Earth: Design and Construction guidelines; Peter Walker, Rowland Keable Rammed Earth Structures: a code of justice; Julian Keatle The Architect – Builder The rammed earth house / Photographs by Cynthia Wright; David Easton TS Intuition Process; Peter Salter Essay: Re-viewing the builder’s yard as a place for design and Visualization; Charlie Hailey, Ph. D. www. eartharchitecture. org/ www. earthstructures. co. uk www. greenspec. co. uk www. historicrammedearth. co. uk www. historicrammedearth. wordpress. com www. listserv. repp. org/pipermail/greenbuilding www. rammed-earth. info www. rammedearth. davis. net. au www. terrafirmabuilders. ca ———————– [1] http://www. earthstructures. co. uk/feature_sra_amended. pdf [2] http://www. earthstructures. co. uk/feature_sra_amended. pdf [3] www. greenspec. co. uk [4] www. greenspec. co. uk [5] www. fab-form. com [6] www. fab-form. com How to cite Rammed Earth, Papers

Romeo And Juliet A Tragic Play Essay Example For Students

Romeo And Juliet A Tragic Play Essay It is known that in Shakespeares tragedies main charactersdie in the end, and in his comedies people marry. Since Romeo andJuliet are a tragedy, Romeo and Juliet are going to die in the end. Some events have to lead to their deaths, and someone makes theseevents happen. The person(s) who started it all and did somethingthat led to all the other events that caused the death of a pair ofstar-crossed lovers. The Capulets and Montagues would be mostresponsible for the deaths of Romeo and Juliet because if theirancestors didnt start the fighting, and they didnt continue it,nothing terrible would have happened. We will write a custom essay on Romeo And Juliet A Tragic Play specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now The first lines of the book tell us about the hate and envybetween the two houses. Choir: Two households, both alike indignity, From ancient grudge to new mutiny,. The choir tells usthat the whole conflict started a long time ago with really littlethings, and then grew into huge fights involving many people. Noleader of either household ever though about making peace, theywere all too busy to spoil everything for the rival family. Only afterthe death of their children they realized how wrong they were. Romeo and Juliet first meet each other at a party at theCapulets house. They fall in love with each other at the first sightwithout knowing that they are from rival houses, and when they dolearn about it, it is too late. Juliet says: My only love, sprung frommy only hate! Too early seen unknown, and known too late!. Juliet realizes that it was a mistake to fall in love with Romeo,because he is one of the people she should watch out for. He is herfirst and only love, but he is an enemy of her family. Luckily forRomeo, Juliet is smart, and such dumb thing as unreasonable hatebetween their parents wouldnt stop her from loving Romeo andgetting married with him. She is sorry that their families areenemies, though, because everything would be much easier if theywerent. So this is the first time when the hate between Capuletsand Montagues becomes an obstacle to Romeo and Julietshappiness. Only after their children die, do the Montague and Capuletcome to their senses? The Prince accuses them of killing Romeoand Juliet: . . . Capulet, Montague, See what a scourge is laidupon your hate, That heavens finds means to kill your joys withlove!. The Prince makes them see how wrong they were all thetime, that all because of their hate, because they couldnt let theirchildren love each other, Romeo and Juliet died. After that,Capulet and Montague make peace, and Montague even says thathe will make a gold statue of Juliet, but what is that going to do, itis too late, nothing will bring their children back. It is totally Capulets and Montagues fault that Romeo andJuliet died. If they didnt hate each other so much, they would lettheir children marry, and they would be able to live happily everafter. There was only one person that realized how unreasonablethe fighting was and even tried to stop it, and he was Benvolio. Benvolio was a Montague, but the Capulets didnt have apeacemaker such as Benvolio. They only had Tybalt, whose onlygoal was to destroy all the Montagues. Also we dont really knowhow Romeo and Juliets parents would have reacted if they hadknown that their children love each other. Romeo and Juliet didnteven try to tell them about love between them because they wereafraid that their parents wouldnt understand them, but maybethey would. The problem is, we dont know, because Capulet andMontague learned about their childrens love when they werealready dead. It is still mostly Capulets and Montagues fault thatRomeo and Juliet died, but maybe it was just their fate to die. .u5dd9d31000abf4776bb0ccd8e80189e9 , .u5dd9d31000abf4776bb0ccd8e80189e9 .postImageUrl , .u5dd9d31000abf4776bb0ccd8e80189e9 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u5dd9d31000abf4776bb0ccd8e80189e9 , .u5dd9d31000abf4776bb0ccd8e80189e9:hover , .u5dd9d31000abf4776bb0ccd8e80189e9:visited , .u5dd9d31000abf4776bb0ccd8e80189e9:active { border:0!important; } .u5dd9d31000abf4776bb0ccd8e80189e9 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u5dd9d31000abf4776bb0ccd8e80189e9 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u5dd9d31000abf4776bb0ccd8e80189e9:active , .u5dd9d31000abf4776bb0ccd8e80189e9:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u5dd9d31000abf4776bb0ccd8e80189e9 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u5dd9d31000abf4776bb0ccd8e80189e9 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u5dd9d31000abf4776bb0ccd8e80189e9 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u5dd9d31000abf4776bb0ccd8e80189e9 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u5dd9d31000abf4776bb0ccd8e80189e9:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u5dd9d31000abf4776bb0ccd8e80189e9 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u5dd9d31000abf4776bb0ccd8e80189e9 .u5dd9d31000abf4776bb0ccd8e80189e9-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u5dd9d31000abf4776bb0ccd8e80189e9:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Two extravagances: to exclude reason, to admit only reason EssayRomeo and Juliet A Tragic PlayIt is known that in Shakespeares tragedies main charactersdie in the end, and in his comedies people marry. Since Romeo andJuliet are a tragedy, Romeo and Juliet are going to die in the end. Some events have to lead to their deaths, and someone makes theseevents happen. The person(s) who started it all and did somethingthat led to all the other events that caused the death of a pair ofstar-crossed lovers. The Capulets and Montagues would be mostresponsible for the deaths of Romeo and Juliet because if theirancestors didnt start the fighting, and they didnt continue it,nothing terrible would have happened. The first lines of the book tell us about the hate and envybetween the two houses. Choir: Two households, both alike indignity, From ancient grudge to new mutiny,. The choir tells usthat the whole conflict started a long time ago with really littlethings, and then grew into huge fights involving many people. Noleader of either household ever though about making peace, theywere all too busy to spoil everything for the rival family. Only afterthe death of their children they realized how wrong they were. Romeo and Juliet first meet each other at a party at theCapulets house. They fall in love with each other at the first sightwithout knowing that they are from rival houses, and when they dolearn about it, it is too late. Juliet says: My only love, sprung frommy only hate! Too early seen unknown, and known too late!. Juliet realizes that it was a mistake to fall in love with Romeo,because he is one of the people she should watch out for. He is herfirst and only love, but he is an enemy of her family. Luckily forRomeo, Juliet is smart, and such dumb thing as unreasonable hatebetween their parents wouldnt stop her from loving Romeo andgetting married with him. She is sorry that their families areenemies, though, because everything would be much easier if theywerent. So this is the first time when the hate between Capuletsand Montagues becomes an obstacle to Romeo and Julietshappiness. Only after their children die, do the Montague and Capuletcome to their senses? The Prince accuses them of killing Romeoand Juliet: . . . Capulet, Montague, See what a scourge is laidupon your hate, That heavens finds means to kill your joys withlove!. The Prince makes them see how wrong they were all thetime, that all because of their hate, because they couldnt let theirchildren love each other, Romeo and Juliet died. After that,Capulet and Montague make peace, and Montague even says thathe will make a gold statue of Juliet, but what is that going to do, itis too late, nothing will bring their children back. It is totally Capulets and Montagues fault that Romeo andJuliet died. If they didnt hate each other so much, they would lettheir children marry, and they would be able to live happily everafter. There was only one person that realized how unreasonablethe fighting was and even tried to stop it, and he was Benvolio. Benvolio was a Montague, but the Capulets didnt have apeacemaker such as Benvolio. They only had Tybalt, whose onlygoal was to destroy all the Montagues. Also we dont really knowhow Romeo and Juliets parents would have reacted if they hadknown that their children love each other. Romeo and Juliet didnteven try to tell them about love between them because they wereafraid that their parents wouldnt understand them, but maybethey would. The problem is, we dont know, because Capulet andMontague learned about their childrens love when they werealready dead. It is still mostly Capulets and Montagues fault thatRomeo and Juliet died, but maybe it was just their fate to die.

How To Write a Thesis - A Complete Guide

Are you at the stage in your high school where you are about to start your thesis? If yes, then below you can find a complete step by step guide on how you write a thesis from the introduction to its conclusion. Writing in college takes students to persuade others by convincing them that you have an interesting point that makes logic as well. This form of persuasion often known as academic argument that is followed by a pattern in writing that is somehow predictable. Quick Links 1. What is a Thesis? 2. How to Structure a Thesis? 2.1 Title Page 2.2 Abstract 2.3 Table of Contents 2.4 List of Tables and Figures 2.5 Introduction 2.6 Methods 2.7 Results 2.8 Discussion 2.9 Conclusion 2.10 Recommendations 2.11 Acknowledgements 2.12 Reference 2.13 Appendices 3. What To Look For in a Thesis? 3.1 Order of Writing 3.2 Editing and Proofreading 3.3 Thesis Sample After introducing your topic briefly, you should state your point in only one sentence. After that summarize the complete argument that you will going to make in the paper afterwards. 1. What is a Thesis? A thesis is a document that is submitted to complete an academic degree or a professional qualification to present the research and findings of an author. In some particular context, the word thesis is used for a part of bachelor’s or master's course. The term thesis is used to refer to a claim of an essay or a work of similar kind. A good thesis should propose an arguable point to which people could reasonably disagree. It should be proactive, strong enough to justify statements presented in the thesis paper. Do not confuse the term thesis with dissertation. Dissertation is another form of assessment that differ from thesis in so many ways. Dissertation is a subject that you choose for yourself and is required for a doctoral program degrees. Continue reading to clear the confusion regarding dissertation vs thesis. It will surely help you to find out the obvious differences between thesis and dissertation. Coming back to thesis. Another important thing in thesis is the thesis statement. Whether its a short essay or a full length doctoral dissertation. A good thesis statement is one of the trickiest sentences that you will have to formulate. 2. How to Structure a Thesis? It is important to note that not all thesis are structured in the same way. It completely depends on the discipline, location, approach and topic on which you are going to write. There are different types of thesis such as analytical thesis, Argumentative thesis, Expository thesis etc. and all of these follow a different structure depending upon the guidelines provided by the instructor. So it is essential for you always go through the department’s guidelines and consult it with your instructor so that you don’t end up with a weak thesis. 2.1 Title Page It is the first page of your paper and contains the following things: Thesis Title Your Name Institution Department Submission date Degree program 2.2 Abstract It is a shortened summary of your thesis. Keep in mind the following things when writing an abstract for your paper. An abstract should be written in a way that it will explain the importance of your paper. It should end in 400 words approximately Generally, it does not contain citations Repeat the information of title Use numbers when needed Your abstract should contain the answer to a specific question or questions such as why does it matter? What did you learn? Etc. 2.3 Table of Contents All parts of the thesis should be included in the section of table of contents. It contains: Headings and subheadings with page number Indent subheadings You can see in the diagram, it will look something like this 2.4 List of Tables and Figures If you have a lot of tables and figures in your paper. Then you should item them all in a list of numbers. List page numbers for all the tables/figures. Add a short title for each table/figure. 2.5 Introduction In this part of your paper, you set the topic its purpose, relevance and eventually tell the reader what to expect in the paper. The introduction must have the following things: Describe the research topic Define the scope Narrow down the paper's focus Discuss the existing research paper and show how your paper is relevant to solve the problem that is discussed in the paper State your question and research paper's objective Overview the structure of the thesis paper A good thesis introduction is very important because this section will decide the fate of your thesis paper. You can also explore our step by step guide to write a good thesis introduction. After the introduction, comes the thesis statement. It is an important part of a thesis paper. For a strong thesis statement, it should be specific and usually found somewhere in the first paragraph of the thesis paper. A great thesis statement is the one that should only cover what is being discussed in the paper with the help of specific evidence. 2.6 Methods The method section explains how you have conducted the whole research. This will let the users to check the piper's validity. This section contains the following things: Type of research (qualitative, experimental, ethnographic, quantitative) Overall approach When and where the research is conducted Methods used in the paper to analyze the data Tools used in the paper Obstacles that you may have faced while conducting the research Justification or evaluation of your research The purpose of this section is to report your findings and to convince the readers that why your approach is the best one to answer the questions of your research. 2.7 Results Now it's the part where you report the actual statements of your research. It includes tables, graphs, and statistics. Show information on a range of varieties. Include the negative results along with positive. Lay out the complete case, present the required details Draw the inferences and add their own explanations Show results in segments Show key result in at the start of paragraph in clear sentences. 2.8 Discussion It is the point where you will have to explore the true meaning and the implication of your findings related to the questions of your research paper. You should interpret the results in detail and discuss whether it successfully meets the expectations or not. The discussion should also refer scholarly work to emphasize how your findings fits the knowledge already existing. 2.9 Conclusion It should answer the research questions in a precise manner. This should should be written in a way that will leave the user with a clear understanding of the main argument of the paper. Go back to the problem and describe the conclusion with the help of your findings and summarize new interpretations and insights that you gathered from the present work. 2.10 Recommendations Include in your paper when it is appropriate Action to solve the particular problem Add further research Direct the reader for future investigations 2.11 Acknowledgements Anyone who helped you in the process. Technically (include supplies, materials ) Financially (travel grant, departmental support etc.) Intellectually (advice, assistance) 2.12 Reference Add the details of all the sources that you have mentioned in your paper. It is sometimes known as a bibliography or works cited list. Cite all the concepts, ideas, data that does not belong to you Cite single author by its surname followed by the publication date For example: ...according to Byrne (2000) Cite the references for double authors by their surname with the publication date For example: Alex and Byrne (2000) Avoid using footnotes List down all the references in alphabetical order 2.13 Appendices Documents used in your paper that generally do not fit the main body of your thesis paper can be included as Appendices. 3. What To Look for In a Thesis? We are in search of a critical analysis. We will gather evidence that will allow us to make judgments and interpret the findings. All your findings should clearly display the topic's main context. You must cite the relevant literature. A solid thesis paper should be a well-reasoned argument from questions to relevant findings to its implications. It should be clearly written and must follow the order mentioned below. 3.1 Order of Writing Order might differ in different type of thesis but this is the basic ordering that you can follow. Firstly, you need to organize your paper in a logical manner before you begin writing Write down your figures to support your argument Define the paper sections Introduction Observations Analysis conclusion Outline its main elements Sections Subsections Start writing in paragraphs, sentences and words. 3.2 Editing and Proofreading Make sure that all the sections in your paper are at the correct place. It should be well written. Leave time for editing and proofreading it. Refine your thesis and make sure there is spelling and grammatical mistakes. It is important for you to make time to write and revise drafts before focusing on typos, grammar and language mistakes. 3.3 Thesis Sample Below you can find a sample of thesis that you can check to clearly understand each and every thing about thesis writing. However, we don't recommend you to copy the work. Get Professional Help Though you can find all the important steps to write a thesis. But keep in mind writing a thesis required a lot of hard work as it is quite different from other academic writings. Students usually get stuck in the process and eventually look for any thesis writing services to help them out. Here is the good news! 5StarEssays can help you out in this. Our thesis writer can help you write a solid MS thesis. Simply, get in touch with our representative and avail the services right away. With all that, we will wrap up the article. Is this guide helpful in starting your thesis writing process?

How To Write a Thesis - A Complete Guide

Are you at the stage in your high school where you are about to start your thesis? If yes, then below you can find a complete step by step guide on how you write a thesis from the introduction to its conclusion. Writing in college takes students to persuade others by convincing them that you have an interesting point that makes logic as well. This form of persuasion often known as academic argument that is followed by a pattern in writing that is somehow predictable. Quick Links 1. What is a Thesis? 2. How to Structure a Thesis? 2.1 Title Page 2.2 Abstract 2.3 Table of Contents 2.4 List of Tables and Figures 2.5 Introduction 2.6 Methods 2.7 Results 2.8 Discussion 2.9 Conclusion 2.10 Recommendations 2.11 Acknowledgements 2.12 Reference 2.13 Appendices 3. What To Look For in a Thesis? 3.1 Order of Writing 3.2 Editing and Proofreading 3.3 Thesis Sample After introducing your topic briefly, you should state your point in only one sentence. After that summarize the complete argument that you will going to make in the paper afterwards. 1. What is a Thesis? A thesis is a document that is submitted to complete an academic degree or a professional qualification to present the research and findings of an author. In some particular context, the word thesis is used for a part of bachelor’s or master's course. The term thesis is used to refer to a claim of an essay or a work of similar kind. A good thesis should propose an arguable point to which people could reasonably disagree. It should be proactive, strong enough to justify statements presented in the thesis paper. Do not confuse the term thesis with dissertation. Dissertation is another form of assessment that differ from thesis in so many ways. Dissertation is a subject that you choose for yourself and is required for a doctoral program degrees. Continue reading to clear the confusion regarding dissertation vs thesis. It will surely help you to find out the obvious differences between thesis and dissertation. Coming back to thesis. Another important thing in thesis is the thesis statement. Whether its a short essay or a full length doctoral dissertation. A good thesis statement is one of the trickiest sentences that you will have to formulate. 2. How to Structure a Thesis? It is important to note that not all thesis are structured in the same way. It completely depends on the discipline, location, approach and topic on which you are going to write. There are different types of thesis such as analytical thesis, Argumentative thesis, Expository thesis etc. and all of these follow a different structure depending upon the guidelines provided by the instructor. So it is essential for you always go through the department’s guidelines and consult it with your instructor so that you don’t end up with a weak thesis. 2.1 Title Page It is the first page of your paper and contains the following things: Thesis Title Your Name Institution Department Submission date Degree program 2.2 Abstract It is a shortened summary of your thesis. Keep in mind the following things when writing an abstract for your paper. An abstract should be written in a way that it will explain the importance of your paper. It should end in 400 words approximately Generally, it does not contain citations Repeat the information of title Use numbers when needed Your abstract should contain the answer to a specific question or questions such as why does it matter? What did you learn? Etc. 2.3 Table of Contents All parts of the thesis should be included in the section of table of contents. It contains: Headings and subheadings with page number Indent subheadings You can see in the diagram, it will look something like this 2.4 List of Tables and Figures If you have a lot of tables and figures in your paper. Then you should item them all in a list of numbers. List page numbers for all the tables/figures. Add a short title for each table/figure. 2.5 Introduction In this part of your paper, you set the topic its purpose, relevance and eventually tell the reader what to expect in the paper. The introduction must have the following things: Describe the research topic Define the scope Narrow down the paper's focus Discuss the existing research paper and show how your paper is relevant to solve the problem that is discussed in the paper State your question and research paper's objective Overview the structure of the thesis paper A good thesis introduction is very important because this section will decide the fate of your thesis paper. You can also explore our step by step guide to write a good thesis introduction. After the introduction, comes the thesis statement. It is an important part of a thesis paper. For a strong thesis statement, it should be specific and usually found somewhere in the first paragraph of the thesis paper. A great thesis statement is the one that should only cover what is being discussed in the paper with the help of specific evidence. 2.6 Methods The method section explains how you have conducted the whole research. This will let the users to check the piper's validity. This section contains the following things: Type of research (qualitative, experimental, ethnographic, quantitative) Overall approach When and where the research is conducted Methods used in the paper to analyze the data Tools used in the paper Obstacles that you may have faced while conducting the research Justification or evaluation of your research The purpose of this section is to report your findings and to convince the readers that why your approach is the best one to answer the questions of your research. 2.7 Results Now it's the part where you report the actual statements of your research. It includes tables, graphs, and statistics. Show information on a range of varieties. Include the negative results along with positive. Lay out the complete case, present the required details Draw the inferences and add their own explanations Show results in segments Show key result in at the start of paragraph in clear sentences. 2.8 Discussion It is the point where you will have to explore the true meaning and the implication of your findings related to the questions of your research paper. You should interpret the results in detail and discuss whether it successfully meets the expectations or not. The discussion should also refer scholarly work to emphasize how your findings fits the knowledge already existing. 2.9 Conclusion It should answer the research questions in a precise manner. This should should be written in a way that will leave the user with a clear understanding of the main argument of the paper. Go back to the problem and describe the conclusion with the help of your findings and summarize new interpretations and insights that you gathered from the present work. 2.10 Recommendations Include in your paper when it is appropriate Action to solve the particular problem Add further research Direct the reader for future investigations 2.11 Acknowledgements Anyone who helped you in the process. Technically (include supplies, materials ) Financially (travel grant, departmental support etc.) Intellectually (advice, assistance) 2.12 Reference Add the details of all the sources that you have mentioned in your paper. It is sometimes known as a bibliography or works cited list. Cite all the concepts, ideas, data that does not belong to you Cite single author by its surname followed by the publication date For example: ...according to Byrne (2000) Cite the references for double authors by their surname with the publication date For example: Alex and Byrne (2000) Avoid using footnotes List down all the references in alphabetical order 2.13 Appendices Documents used in your paper that generally do not fit the main body of your thesis paper can be included as Appendices. 3. What To Look for In a Thesis? We are in search of a critical analysis. We will gather evidence that will allow us to make judgments and interpret the findings. All your findings should clearly display the topic's main context. You must cite the relevant literature. A solid thesis paper should be a well-reasoned argument from questions to relevant findings to its implications. It should be clearly written and must follow the order mentioned below. 3.1 Order of Writing Order might differ in different type of thesis but this is the basic ordering that you can follow. Firstly, you need to organize your paper in a logical manner before you begin writing Write down your figures to support your argument Define the paper sections Introduction Observations Analysis conclusion Outline its main elements Sections Subsections Start writing in paragraphs, sentences and words. 3.2 Editing and Proofreading Make sure that all the sections in your paper are at the correct place. It should be well written. Leave time for editing and proofreading it. Refine your thesis and make sure there is spelling and grammatical mistakes. It is important for you to make time to write and revise drafts before focusing on typos, grammar and language mistakes. 3.3 Thesis Sample Below you can find a sample of thesis that you can check to clearly understand each and every thing about thesis writing. However, we don't recommend you to copy the work. Get Professional Help Though you can find all the important steps to write a thesis. But keep in mind writing a thesis required a lot of hard work as it is quite different from other academic writings. Students usually get stuck in the process and eventually look for any thesis writing services to help them out. Here is the good news! 5StarEssays can help you out in this. Our thesis writer can help you write a solid MS thesis. Simply, get in touch with our representative and avail the services right away. With all that, we will wrap up the article. Is this guide helpful in starting your thesis writing process?

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Efficacy of Herbal Shampoo and Pesticides for Head Lice

Efficacy of Herbal Shampoo and Pesticides for Head Lice Efficacy of herbal shampoo of Garcinia dulcis(Roxb.) Kurz ( Clusiaceae) compared with chemical pediculicides for head lice treatment in Thailand   Ã‚   Sirawut Sittichok1 and Mayura Soonwera1   Abstract Currently, alternative pediculicide from plant are need for head lice treatment because of chemical over-the -counter have lost in efficacy due to increasing resistance of head lice( Pediculus humanus capitis ) to chemical over-the-counter worldwide .As the result , this study was to assess the efficacy of herbal shampoo of Garcinia dulcis (Roxb.) Kurz (Clusiaceae) compared with two chemical pediculides ( carbaryl shampoo ; Hafif shampoo ®; 0.6% w/v carbaryl and permethrin shampoo ; Scully Anti-Lice shampoo ®; 0.5% w/v permethrin) and baby shampoo (Care baby shampoo ®) for head lice treatment. In vitro study used the filter paper method with three doses of 0.002, 0.003 and 0.006 ml/cm2 of each treatment for assessing the toxicity of each treatment on mortality of nymph and adult of head ice. The results revealed that as the concentration of treatment increased from the doses of 0.002, 0.003 and 0.006 ml/cm2, the mortality rate of nymphs and adults of head liceincreased. Moreove r,the most pediculicidal activity was shown by the dose 0.006 ml/cm2 of G. dulcis shampoo at 10 min,showing 100% mortality of nymphs( LT50 value of 0.2 min and LC50 value of 0.00001 ml/cm2) and adults(LT50 value of 0.7 min and LC50 value of 0.001 ml/cm2). In addition, these results showed more effective on pediculicidal activity than carbaryl shampoo (LT50 values ranged from 6.3 to 10.1 min), permethrin shampoo (LT50 values ranged from 28.9 to 61.8 min) and baby shampoo (LT50 values ranged from 77.3 to 87.1 min). For the results of in vivo test showed that G. dulcis shampoo also exhibited 100 % of cure rate after the 2nd and 3rd treatments and these result was more effective for head lice treatment than two chemical pediculicides and baby shampoo( cure rate ranged from 0 to 96.7%). Consequently, the results of this study pointed that G. dulcis shampoo showed high potential for to be used as alternative pediculicide for head lice treatment of children in Thailand . Keywords: Pediculus humanus capitis, herbal shampoo, Garcinia dulcis , carbaryl shampoo, permethrin shampoo Corresponding author: M. Soonwera (à ¯Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ª) and S. Sittichok Introduction   Ã‚   Pediculosis capitis (head lice infestation), caused by the wingless insect, Pediculus humanus capitis De Geer (Phthiraptera: Pediculicidae), is one of the most ectoparasitic infestation of human worldwide and affecting mostly children with more than a million per year worldwide. However,Each year ,nearly five million of children and parent are newly infested ( pediculosis) with this ectoparasitic insect (Pilger et al., 2010 and Roberts, 2002). The some researchers reported that, an annual rate of 15 million infestation with head lice and cost of 150 US$ per treatment in the USA, the overall annual cost of head lice treatments are estimated to be US$ 2,250 million . In addition, over-the-counter pediculicides sales in the USA were estimated at >US$ 240 million per year in 1997 and increased to > US$ 350 million per year in 2003 (West , 2004). Furthermore, the American infested children are lost 12-24 million school days per year by No Nit Policy (the policy for infested schoolchildr en, before they can return to schools ,they to be free of nits ,nymphs and adults of head lice )( National Association of School Nurses,2016) . So, annual economic loss owing to missed workdays and schooldays by parents and infected children who have to stay home estimated of US$ 4-8 billion to the countrys economy (Ko and Elston, 2004 ; Leung et al.,2005). However, numerous case of head lice infestations has been reported throughout the world (Eroglu et al., 2016; Doroodgar et al., 2014). Generally , the neurotoxic insecticides (such as malathion, cabaryl, lindane, permethrin) used as pediculicides for head lice treatment worldwide and head lice resistance to neurotoxic pediculicides have occurred in several parts of the world. (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2016,Devore et al.,2015 and Devore and Schutze ,2015). The alternative pediculicides for head lice treatments are critical needed. However ,alternative pediculicides from plants or herbs have attracted a good pedi culicides to develop the new potion for head lice treatment, because of their low mammalian toxicity and save for children, mode of action that are not neurotoxic and the possibility that they will have a low potential for the development of head lice resistance (Rassami and Soonwera, 2013; Strycharz et al.,2014). In addition, Gallardo et al.(2012) and Toloza et al.(2006) reported the pediculicidal activities of essential oils from Geranium maculatum ( geranium) ,Myrcianthes cisplatensis ,Eucalyptus cinerea , Eucalyptus viminalis and Eucalyptus saligna .The lotions based on essential oils from lavender ,peppermint and eucalyptus exhibited pediculicidal properties( Audino et al.,2007).Moreover, herbal shampoos of Averrhoa bilimbi ,Clitoria ternatea,Myristica fragrans , Plectranthus amboincus, Tacca chantrieri, Zingiber cassumunar and Zanthoxylum limonella exhibited high pediculicidal activities ( Rassami and Soonwera,2013). The pediculosis among Thai preschool children(3-5 years old) and Thai primaryschool children(6-12 years old) ,especially the children in the rural area of Thailand were high level with more than 50% and normally the frist option for head lice treatment of them were chemical control. Unfortunately, mostly the chemical pediculicides in Thailand market are neurotoxic pediculicides ( such as pediculicides consist of lindane, malathion ,carbaryl and permethrin ) and several products have lost in efficacy due to increasing resistance of head lice to chemical pediculicides (Rassami and Soonwera, 2013). Moreover ,the high toxic effects of chemical pediculicides to children were recorded in several part of the world.The mode of action of chemical pediculicides to children were toxic to the childrens respiratory and nervous systems(Eisenhower and Farrington,2012). Consequently , the infested children in Thailand needed the effective and safety pedicilicides for head lice treatment, the aim of this study was to evaluate the pediculicidal activity of herbal shampoo from Garcinia dulcis (Roxb.) Kurz (Clusiaceae) against head lice and compared pediculicidal activity with two chemical pediculicides (carbaryl shampoo (Hafif shampoo ®, 0.6% w/v carbaryl), permethrin shampoo (Scully Anti-Lice shampoo ®, 0.5% w/v permethrin)) and one baby shampoo (Care baby Shampoo ®) in vitro and in vivo test. In addition, G. dulcis plant is known as Maphutin Thailand.This plant specie is an edible plant and fruit and use asmedicinal plant in Thailand. All part of G. dulcis have long been used in traditional Thai medicines such as expectorant , antipyretic, antitoxic, anti-inflammatory and tonic. The mature fruit of G. dulcis also can be used for soft drink , jam or fruit paste (Fig.1, Deachathai et al., 2005 and Lim, 2011). For this reason, herbal shampoo from G. dulcis is the selected herbal shampoo in this study. We will hope that G. dulcis shampoo is the good , effective and safety he rbal product for to be used as alternative pediculicide for Thai infested children especially rural children in Thailand. Materials and Methods Collection of Garcinia dulcis fruits and herbal shampoo of Garcinia dulcis The leaves, flowers, raw and mature fruits of this plant were collected from Bangkok and Nakhonratchasima province (North-eastern part of Thailand),Thailand during May-June 2016 (Fig. 1) for identification by the taxonomist of Faculty of Agricultural Technology, King Mongkuts Institute of Technology Ladkrabang (KMITL), Bangkok, Thailand. The extracts from mature fruits of Garcinia dulcis were used for herbal shampoo by medicinal plant scientist of Medicinal Plant Laboratory, Faculty of Agricultural Technology, KMITL. All herbal shampoo of Garcinia dulcis for this research was provided free of charge from Medicinal Plant Laboratory. Chemical shampoo and baby shampoo: Carbaryl shampoo (Hafif shampoo ®, 0.6% w/v carbaryl) : this chemical product was a common pediculicide in Thailand . This product was purchased from IDS Manufacturing Co. Ltd., Pathumthani province, Thailand and used as positive control. Permethrin shampoo (Scully shampoo ®, 0.5% w/v permethrin) ,It was the chemical product and usually used as pediculicide in Thailand. It was purchased from Sherwood Chemical Manufacturing Co. Ltd., Chacheangsao province, Thailand and used as positive control. Baby shampoo (Care baby shampoo ®) ,this baby shampoo was purchased from Colgate-Palmolive (Thailand) Ltd. 700/362, Bangna-Trad km57, Amphur Muang, Chonburi Province 20000, Thailand and used as negative control. Collection of head lice This study was approved by the Ethics committee of the Faculty of Agricultural Technology, King Mongkuts Institute of Technology Ladkrabang (KMITL), Bangkok, Thailand ( 2559-01-04-013) and in collaboration with the directors and teachers of thee primary schools at Bangkok, Thailand. However, the 250 of schoolchildren were infested with head lice and to collaboration in this study. All head lice ( 3rd nymphs and adults) were collected by the anti-head lice combs from collaborating schoolchildren . Moreover, the protocol for head lice treatment of collaborating schoolchildren ,allowed using only the anti-head lice combs during 30 days.Afterward, nymphs and adults of head lice were separated by carefully removing them from teeth of the combs into clean insect boxes (18.023.0x5.5 cm) and were transported them to Entomological Laboratory, Faculty of Agricultural Technology, KMITL, within 30 min. All nymph and adults of head lice were identification by Entomologist of our Faculty, as Pedic ulus humanus capitis De Geer (Pediculidae: Phthiraptera). The P.humanus capitis specimens to be used as the further reference specimens for further research and were kept in the museum of Faculty of Agricultural Technology , KMITL. Bioassay The bioassay used filter paper contact to evaluate the pediculicidal activity of four shampoos (G dulcis shampoo, carbaryl shampoo ,permethrin shampoo and baby shampoo) and the distrillation water( negative control) in vitro. This bioassay was adapted from Rssami and Soonwera( 2013) and Soonwera(2016) and 30 min after head lice collection,the bioassay was stared. The doses of 0.002 ,0.003 and 0.006 ml/cm2 of G. dulcis shampoo, carbaryl shampoo, permethrin shampoo, baby shampoo and distillation water ( negative control ) were applied to the filter paper (Whatman ® No1, 4.8 cm diameter) and after drying for 30 s, each filter paper was placed on the bottom of a petri dish (5.0 cm diameter). Afterward, selection under the stereomicroscope (Nikon ® Type 102) for the10 nymphs (the 3rd stage nymphs) or the adults of head lice and were placed them on each filter paper. The mortalities of nymphs or adults on each filter paper were recorded under dissecting stereomicroscope at 10, 30 and 60 min. In addition, the criteria for mortality of all head louse was defined as the complete absence of any vital signs from the external and the internal structures of head lice such as legs ,antennae ,digestive system, nervous system and muscular system with or without stimulation by micro-paintbrush (Rassami and Soonwera , 2013).The criteria for the pediculicidal activity was adapted from Sonwera(2016) was defined as the LT50 value of treatement was less than 1.0 min. All treatments were replicated 10 times. The mortality data was statistic analyzed with Duncans multiple range test (DMRT) using SPSS for windows version 16.0. The LT50 and LC50 values were calculated by Probit analysis. In vivo test, The total number of 120 infested (pediculosis) schoolchildren between the ages 5 to 12 years from three primary schools in Ladkrabang district, Bangkok, Thailand were selected to participate in the experiment. In addition, the criteria for pediculosis was defined as the presence of at least on the alive egg or nit (alive nit was within 0.5-1.0cm of hair from the scalp and tan to coffee colour with an intact operculum) , the living nymph or the living adult. All infested schoolchildren in this study allowed using only the anti-head lice comb for head lice treatment and during the experimental period, they had not been treated head lice with any chemical pediculicides or any herbal shampoos. The 120 infested schoolchildren were randomly and separated into four groups (10 schoolchildren per group per school).However, all treatment was replicated three times, as follows; Group 1 treated with G. dulcis shampoo Group 2 treated with carbaryl shampoo (Hafif shampoo ®, 0.6% w/v carbaryl) Group 3 treated with permethrin shampoo (Scully shampoo ®, 0.5% w/v permethrin) Group 4 treated with baby shampoo (Care baby shampoo ®) However, all infested schoolchildren in the groups were treated with G. dulcis shampoo, carbaryl shampoo, permethrin shampoo and baby shampoo by applying 20 ml of each shampoo to a wet hair and scalp per head for 5 min and then rinsed off with the clean water. The cure rate (no pediculosis) was recorded of 1 day after the 1st application . In addition , the second application was started 1 day after the first application for the infested schoolchildren (pidiculosis)in the groups ,after the first application.They were treated with the tested shampoos for cured and recorded the cure rate . The third application was started 1 day after the second application, the infested schoolchildren( pediculosis) in the groups ( after the 2nd application) were treated with the tested shampoos for cured and recorded the cure rate . In addition , the criteria for cure rate was defined as the complete absence of the alive nit, the living nymph and the living adult of head lice on hair and scalp of scho olchildren and criteria for pediculicide was defined as 100% of cure rate. Results The efficacy of four tested shampoos ( G. dulcis shampoo, carbaryl shampoo, permethrin shampoo and baby shampoo) on mortality of 3rd stage nymphs of P. humanus capitis as shown in Table 1 . The most effective in pediculicide was shown by the 0.006 ml/cm2 of G. dulcis shampoo caused 100% mortality of nymphs at 10 min, LT50 value of 0.2 min and LC50 value of 0.00001 ml/cm2 . Moreover , this results exhibited significant in pediculicide (LT50value less than 1.0 min) over carbaryl shampoo ( 82.0% mortality,LT50value of 6.3min) ,permethrin shampoo( 42.0%mortality ,LT50value of28.9 min) and baby shampoo ( 35.0% mortality ,LT50 value of 77.3 min). However, at the dose of 0.003 ml/cm2 revealed that G. dulcis shampoo caused 100% mortality at 30 min and LT50 values ranged from 2.2 min , followed by carbaryl shampoo , permethrin shampoo and baby shampoo with 78.0 , 48.0 and 39.0 % mortality and LT50 values of 8.2 , 55.8 and 79.2 min ,respectively. At the dose of 0.002 ml/cm2, G. dulcis shampoo exhibited 100% mortality at 30 min and LT50 value of 3.7 min followed by carbaryl shampoo , permethrin shampoo and baby shampoo with 77.0 , 44.0 and 37.0% mortality and LT50 values of 9.1 , 58.5 and 87.1 min , respectively. However , based on the LC50 values indicated the order of the effective in pediulicide of tested shampoo as G. dulcis shampoo ( 0.00001 ml/cm2) > carbaryl shampoo( 0.002ml/cm2) > permethrin shampoo ( 0.1ml/cm2) > baby shampoo( 1.8 ml/cm2). However , no mortality of all nymph at all dose in distillation water group was observed ,so distillation water was nontoxic to all nymphs during the testing time The results of in vitro test of P. humanus capitis adults as shown in Table 2 and Fig. 3. At the dose 0.006 ml/cm2 of G. dulcis shampoo was the most toxic to head lice adults with 100% mortality at 10.0 min, LT50 value of 0.7 min , followed by carbaryl shampoo , permethrin shampoo and baby shampoo with72.0 , 41.0 and 32.0 % mortality and LT50 values of 6.7 , 35.2 and 79.6 min, respectively . Moreover, the mortality results of head lice adults of G. dulcis shampoo showed significant pediculicidal activity (LT50 50 values ranged from 6.7 to 35.2 min) and baby shampoo (LT50 value of 79.6 min). At dose of 0.003 ml/cm2 revealed that of G. dulcis shampoo also showed the most toxic to head lice adults with 100% mortality at 60 min and LT50 value of 3.3 min , followed by carbaryl shampoo , permethrin shampoo and baby shampoo with77.0 , 60.0 and 41.0 % mortality and LT50 values of 9.5 , 38.5 and 80.6 min, respectively . In addition , G. dulcis shampoo at the dose of 0.02 ml/cm2 caused 84.0 % mortality of head lice adults at 60 min and LT50value of 4.4 min ,followed by carbaryl shampoo , permethrin shampoo and baby shampoo with70.0 , 50.0 and 31.0 % mortality and LT50 values of 10.1 , 61.8 and 87.6 min, respectively. Moreover, based on LC50 value pointed that of G. dulcis shampoo was the highest effective in pediculicide to head lice adults showing LC50 value of 0.001ml/cm2, followed by carbaryl shampoo (0.002 ml/cm2), permethrin shampoo (0.2 ml/cm2) and baby shampoo ( 2.2 ml/cm2) ,respectively. Meanwhile , no mortality of adults were observed in distillation water( negative control). All adults in negative control survived and normality throughout the testing periods.In addition, statistical analysis of head lice nymphs and adults showed significant differences between G. dulcis shampoo and two chemical shampoos( carbaryl shampoo and permethrin shampoo). In addition, nymphs(LT50 values 0.2 to 87.1 min) were more susceptibility to all tested shampoo than adults (with LT5 0 values 0.7 to 87.6 min). In vivo results as shown in Table 3 and Fig.2 ( the first application) , 4( the second application) and 5( the third application) , the results for the first application revealed that G. dulcis shampoo exhibited the highest cure rate(97.6%) and the lowest pediculosis(3.3%) ,followed by carbaryl shampoo and permethrin shampoo with the cure rate of 73.3 and 16.7 % and pediculosis of 26.7 and 83.3 % ,respectively. Meanwhile,Care baby shampoo ®as the negative control showed 0% of cure rate and Pediculusis of 100%(100% of schoolchildren still had head lice on the head ) after the first application. The results for the second application showed that G. dulcis shampoo also exhibited the highest of cure rate (100%) and 0% of pediculosis followed by carbaryl shampoo and permethrin shampoo showed cure rate of 83.3 and 23.3% and pediculosis of 16.7 and 76.7 %, respectively. However , 100% pediculosis of all schoolchildren were recorded in the Care baby shampoo ® treatment. Therefore, the Ca re baby shampoo ®( the negative control ) was not effective in pediculicide for head lice treatment. The results of the third application, G. dulcis shampoo also exhibited the most effective in pediculicide to head lice showing 100% of cure rate. Moreover, G. dulcis shampoo showed more effective in pediculicide( 100% of cure rate) than carbanyl shampoo ( 90.0% cure rate,10.0% pediculosis) and permethrin shampoo( 27.8% cure rate , 72.2% pediculicides). However,Care baby shampoo ® also showed nonpediculicidal activity with 100% of pediculosis in tested schoolchildren. All the result of this study pointed that G. dulcis shampoo was the highest efective pediculicide( 100% of cure rate,LT50 value less than 1.0 min) for controlling head lice. The G. dulcis shampoo exhibited more effective in pediculicide than carbaryl shampoo , permethrin shampoo and Care baby shampoo ®. In addition, after 1st, 2nd and 3rd applications, none of schoolchildren showed negative side effect such as the red spot of the scalp and neck, burning sensation or irritation of the scalp. Discussion Our data in this study, G. dulcis shampoo showed the highest toxic to nymph and adult of head lice with 100% mortality at 10 min, LT50 value 50 values ranged from 0.00001 to 0.001 ml/cm2, in vitro test. Moreover, this result showed more effective pediculicide than carbaryl shampoo (Hafif shampoo ®), permethrin shampoo (Scully shampoo ®) and baby shampoo (Care baby shampoo ®). In addition , in vivo test, G. dulcis shampoo also showed toxicity to head lice and was more effective pediculicide for head lice treatment than two chemical and baby shampoos with 100% cure rate after the second application. Meanwhile, two chemical shampoos showed the cure rate of 27.0-90.0% after the third application. However,Care baby shampoo ®as negative control in this research showed 0% of cure rate and 100% pediculosis( the tested schoolchildren still had head lice after the third application). In addition, baby shampoo cannot be used as pediculicide for head lice treatment of schoolchildren, it was a mild formulation to gently cleanse baby hair without sting babys eyes. As the result, baby shampoo is not suitable for controlling head lice. However, Rassami and Soonwera (2013) reported the high effective in pediculicide of herbal shampoos for head lice treatment of schoolchildren in Thailand such as herbal shampoos of Phyllanthus emblica (Euphorbiaceae) and Zanthoxylum limonella (Rutaceae) and Acorus calamus (Acoraceae) and the results for head lice treatments of all herbal shampoo were more effective in pediculicides than carbaryl and malathion shampoos. However, carbaryl shampoo (0.6% w/v carbaryl) in this study was a common pediculicide in Thailand market for head lice treatment. The toxicity of carbaryl shampoo to children ,after application of this chememical shampoo for head lice control also recorded in several parts of the world. Moreover, this chemical shampoo was the hazardous shampoo for infested children , especially the children less than 5 years of age and it high toxic to childrens nervous system(Eisenhower and Farrington,2012). Moreover, carbaryl pediculicide showed decreased efficacy against head lice and head lice resistance to carbaryl pediculicide has been reported in several countries such as Australia, UK and USA (Durand et al., 2012 and Eisenhower and Farrington,2012). Since 1995 In the UK, since 1995 carbaryl pediculicide has been available only on prescription, because of concerns about possible carcinogenic effect ( any substance that produces cancer). However,in the UK, 1% carbaryl product in aqueous formulation is still recommended for UK head lice guidelines (Durand et al., 2012). On the other side, permethrin shampoo (0.5% w/v permethrin; Scully shampoo ®) showed 30-75% mortality of nymphs and adults of head lice (LT50 values ranged from 28.9 to 61.8 min) in vitro test and exhibited 16.7-27.8% of cure rate (72.2-83.3% of pediculosis in schoolchildren ) in vivo test and these results were less pediculicidal activities than G. dulcis shampoo. Moreover, in this study, permethrin shampoo showed the low efficacy in pediculicide may be explained by nymphs , adults and nits of head lice were resistance to permethrin shampoo . However, permethrin shampoo is the common and preferred shampoo of Thai infested children especially for the urban children for head lice treatment , because permethrin shampoo exhibited a rapid effect in mortality of head lice. Unfortunately, the toxicity of permethrin shampoo to children and head lice resistance to permethrin shampoo were recored in serveral parts of the world . Moreover, permethrin shampoo was the neurotoxic product for children ,it showed high toxic to nerve cells of children. The side effect after treated with permethrin shampoo were the itching , rash and burning of the childrens scalp and corneal damage of childrens eyes (Allen and Cox, 2016 and Ko and Elston, 2004 ). However ,permethrin shampoo also toxic to the head lices nervous system , it destroyed the nerve cells of head lice , resulting in incapability and mortality of head lice (Eisenhower and Farrington, 2012 and Cute et al., 2008). However, pyrethroids products such as permethrin and D-phenothrin have been registered as pediculicides since the 1970s and have been widely common as over-the-counter pediculicides since the 1980s (Devore and Schutz,2015) .The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) of USA approved permethrin pediculicide can be used in patients as young as 2 months of age and older and pregnant women ( American Academy of Pediatrics,2015). Consequently, caution should be used in patients with ragweed allergy, because respiratory difficulty or asthmatic episodes may occur with permethrin use in such patients (Devore et al.,2015 and Eisenhower and Farrington, 2012). Moreover, The clinical and parasitologic resistance to pyrethroids was first reported in France in a randomized controlled trial and followed by additional reports from Europe (Czech Republic, United Kingdom and Denmark), the Middle East (Israel), North (United States), and South (Argentina) America, Asia (Japan), and Australia ( Durand et al.2012, Ko and Elton,2004 and West,2004). However, G. dulcis shampoo showed the most effective pediculicide in vitro and in vivo in this study. The alternative pediciculicides from herbs such as neem exhibited high potential for head lice treatment ( Abdel-Ghaffar et al., 2016). In addition, herbal shampoo base on 10% of long pepper (Piper retrofactum) fruits of Acorus calamus, Phyllanthus emblica and Zanthoxylum limonella extracts showed highly effective pediculicides for head lice treatment of infested schoolchildren in Ladkrabang area, Bangkok, Thailand, and these results were more effective in pediculicide than carbaryl and permethrin shampooes ( Rassami and Soonwera,2013 ; Soonwera, 2016). However , Audino et al.(2007) reported the lotions containing essential oils from eucalyptus , peppermint and lavender showed more effective pediculicide than the commercial lotion in the Argentina market. Moreover, the commercial pediculicide products based on plants and herbs such as Licatack shampoo ® (extract of grapefruit), Aes culo Gel ® L (active compound noted Cocos nucifera oil), WashAway Laus shampoo ® (active compound noted neem extracts), Nopucid Bio Citrus ® (active compound noted bergamot essential oil), Paranix ® (active compound noted essential oils from coconut, anise, and ylang ylang), Puressntiel ® (active compound noted essential oils of lavender, clove, tea tree, geranium, vegetable oils of cocos, calophyllum, jojoba, sunflower, almond, ricin) showed high effectiveness against head lice (Abdel-Ghaffar et al., 2016 and Soonwera, 2016). However, G. dulcis is known as an Asian medicinal plant, belongs to the family Clusiaceae (Guttiferae) and is widely distributed in Thailand and other Southeast Asian countries (Malaysia, Indonesia, the Philippines (Deachathai et al., 2005 and Pinkaew et al., 2012).This plant is locally known as Maphuut in Thailand, Mundu in Indonesia and Malaysia. The G dulcis is an edidible plant and evergreen tree (size of 5 to 20 m high ,Fig 1). The fruit with ye llow and white latexes and fruit latexes were turns to lightly brown on exposure to the air. The bark is dark brown and rough and much branched. The leaves are large and leathery with dark green color and leaves are opposite, simple large, ovate, and oval to belong up to 10-30 cm long by 3-15 cm wide(Fig 1). The fruits are oblate to round and the diameter of fruit size of 5.5-8.5 cm (Fig.1). The fruit peels are smooth, green when immature and tuning yellow or yellow-dark when ripe and usually 1 fruit has 1 to 5 seeds . The fruit peel is thin and soft when ripe while the fresh is pulpy and yellow in color. However, soft yellow flesh has a butter-like consistency and slightly acidic but pleasant to eat. The raw fruit is too sour to be eaten but local Thai people used raw fruit of G. dulcis to improve the taste in sour and spicy soup, Thai curry , spicy soup , pickles and used mature fruits in jam ,butter or sherbert (Abu-Baker et al., 2015 and Lim, 2011). Furthermore,all part of G. du lcis has long been used in traditional Thai medicine to treat human diseases such as fever,cold ,antipyretic and detoxification (Deachathai et al., 2006 and Pinkaew et al., 2012). The stem bark has been used traditionally as anti-inflammatory agent and crushed extract from the bark is used for cleaning wounds while the fruit juice was used as expectorant for coughs, and scurvy. The extracts of G. dulcis roots are used for antipyretic, anti-toxic and detoxification (Deachathai et al., 2005; Lim, 2011 and Lamai et al., 2013). The traditional medicine of Indonesia have been used seeds and leaves of G. dulcis to treat human disase such as thyrocele , lymphatitis and parotitis and the extracts of G . dulcis fruits and leves to treat of anti-HIV activity , antiviral, ant-bacterial, anti-inflammatory, antitumor , anti-cancer and anti-oxidant (Abu-Bakar et al., 2015; Lamai et al., 2013; Hutadilox-Towatana et al., 2007; Pang et al., 2009; Pinkaew et al., 2012 and Tuansulong et al., 2011). However, G. dulcis is an edible plant in Thailand and also used as the medicinal plant in traditional Thai medicine and G.dulcis shampoo also exhibited the high effective in pediculicide to controlling head lice.Therefore, herbal shampoo from G. dulcis in this study is the effective and safe pediculicide and after application with G dulcis shampoo , the tested children were no-side effect such as the red spot or irritarion on the scalpes of the chidren.This herbal shampoo is suitable to be used as alternative herbal pediculicide for head lice treatment, especially for infested children in rural area of Thailand and may be the good and safe pediculicide for children of rural area of Southeast